10-4 HOMECOMING
Author : Thorsten Schirmer
Page Range : p.40-47
Affiliation : Art Department of Anhui Normal University; Art College of West Anhui University
Abstract
This article examines the theme of “homecoming” in East Asian ink landscape through two paintings. The author recalls that from the Song dynasty onward shanshui painting depicted ideal rather than real scenes, uniting yin and yang, and that under the influence of Chan (Zen) Buddhism in the thirteenth century it came to favour the misty atmosphere of the lower Yangzi, in which form dissolves into emptiness. The first work, an anonymous Southern Song hanging scroll in the Cleveland Museum of Art bearing an inscription by the Chan monk Xuzhou Pudu (1199–1280), shows two tiny figures descending a mountain path towards home amid moist ink and mist. The second, a Homecoming by the Japanese painter Unkoku Toshitsu (d. 1668) of the Unkoku school, which claimed the legacy of Sesshū Tōyō, depicts a hiker crossing a bridge against the wind, with trees formed from a few wet ink stains in the “splashed ink” (pomo, hatsuboku) manner associated with Yujian. Both works use dense empty space and sparse forms that invite identification with the travellers. From a Zen perspective, the author concludes, homecoming signifies the longing for enlightenment and illustrates the Heart Sutra’s teaching that form is emptiness and emptiness is form.
Keywords
homecoming; Chan (Zen) Buddhism; splashed ink; Xuzhou Pudu; Unkoku school
摘要
本文通过两件作品考察东亚水墨山水中的“归”之主题。作者指出,自宋代以来山水画所描绘的多为理想而非实景,以融合阴阳;十三世纪受禅宗影响后,更偏好长江下游云雾弥漫的意境,使形体消融于空无之中。第一件为克利夫兰艺术博物馆藏南宋佚名立轴,上有禅僧虚舟普度(1199—1280)题诗,画中两个微小的人物沿山路下行归家,笔墨湿润,烟雾迷蒙。第二件为日本云谷派画家 Unkoku Toshitsu(卒于1668年)所作《归途》,该派以继承雪舟等杨之法自命;画中行人逆风过桥,树木仅以数点湿墨写成,属与玉涧相关的“泼墨”画法。两件作品均以浓郁的空白与简约的形体,引导观者与画中行旅者产生认同。作者总结指出,从禅宗角度看,“归”象征着对开悟的向往,正是《心经》“色即是空,空即是色”的图像体现。
关键词
归; 禅宗; 泼墨; 虚舟普度; 云谷派
